The following are the source and reference materials used for The Papercuts Library #5 – Let’s Make the Equal Rights Amendment Unanimous
Warning: Spoilers ahead…
p3-5 –
If you aren’t already familiar with it, start from the top…
- Equal Rights Amendment – Wikipedia
- ERA Explainer – Equality Now
- The Equal Rights Amendment Explained – Brennan Center for Justice
- ‘Me too’ movement renews Equal Rights Amendment push – USA Today, 2017
- Op-Ed: Unbelievably, women still don’t have equal rights in the Constitution – Los Angeles Times, 2018
- 40 years later, the ERA is still not a part of the Constitution – PBS News Hour, 2019
- The Equal Rights Amendment and Discrimination against Women – AP-NORC Center, 2020
p6-11 –
Reference for Hawaii:
- The Equal Rights Amendment Was Just Ratified by Illinois. What Does That Mean? – New York Times, 2018
- Equal Rights Amendment – Wikipedia
- Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1923 – FRASER, St. Louis Federal Reserve
- Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1973 – U.S. Census Bureau
- U.S. and World Population Clock – U.S. Census Bureau
- The United States population on January 27, 2020 was: 331,227,920.
p12-13 –
Women’s Legal History:
- Timeline of Legal History of Women in the United States – National Women’s History Alliance
- The Legal Status of Women, 1776–1830 – The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History
- A Timeline of Women’s Legal History in the United States [PDF] – Professor Cunnea
- Stepping Through History – A timeline of women’s rights from 1769 to the 2017 Women’s March on Washington – U.S. News & World Report
- Women, Race, and the Law in Early America – Oxford Research Encyclopedias
- Timeline of women’s legal rights in the United States (other than voting) – Wikipedia
Women’s Right to Vote:
- Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution – Wikipedia
- Women’s suffrage in the United States – Wikipedia
- Women’s suffrage in states of the United States – Wikipedia
- Timeline of women’s suffrage in the United States – Wikipedia
- History of women’s suffrage in the United States – Ballotpedia
- History of U.S. Women’s Suffrage – National Women’s History Museum
- Source: William Blackstone. Commentaries on the Laws of England [PDF] – Vol, I (1765), pages 442-445
- The Declaration of Independence – National Archives
- The Generations of American History – The TimePage
- Strauss–Howe generational theory – Wikipedia
p14-15 –
Regarding mentioned resources…
Extensive data on women’s issues:
- Status of the Women in the States – Institute for Women’s Policy Research
The Center for American Women and Politics at Rutgers University, Eagleton Institute of Politics maintains an excellent resource on women in elected office:
Data referenced in #5:
For the latest on the technical fight to ratify the ERA:
Their state resources aren’t completely up to date, but still have important historical information on ERA activities in most states, which can be found using the following URL template, with GA as an example:
American Association of University Women (AAUW)
AAUW has a variety of resources available here:
More data from the U.S. Department of Labor:
- Women’s Bureau
- Data and Statistics
- 100 Years of Working Women – Top 10 occupations since 1920
- Earnings ratios and wage gaps by educational attainment (annual) – Particularly painful chart showing increased pay gaps for increased educational attainment
p16-17 –
Regarding ratification:
- Constitutional Amendment Process – National Archives
If you want to get into the nitty gritty of the ERA’s last mile:
The breakdown of where things stand with the National Archivist not publishing the ERA:
- Making the ERA the Law of the Land Simply & Easily – NOW – Equal Means Equal, 2021
- Mr. President, Please Publish the ERA. – Equal Means Equal, 2021
Want to write the National Archivist yourself?
- Meet the National Archives Management Team – National Archives
Regarding the time limit:
- The Equal Rights Amendment: Why the Era Remains Legally Viable and Properly Before the States [PDF] – William & Mary Journal of Race, Gender, and Social Justice William & Mary Journal of Race, Gender, and Social Justice, 1997
- The 97-Year-History of the Equal Rights Amendment – Smithsonian Magazine, 2019
- Why the time has finally come to ratify Equal Rights Amendment – The Hill, 2020
- Ratification Time Limit – History of Amendments – United 4 Equality
p18-19 –
- Ratification Info State By State – Alice Paul Institute
- List of United States state legislatures – Wikipedia
p20-32 –
State data sources…
- List of United States state legislatures – Wikipedia
Projected date for equal pay from:
- Status of Women in the States – Institute for Women’s Policy Research (IWPR)
Political participation:
- Women in State Legislatures 2021 – Center for American Women and Politics, Eagleton Institute of Politics, Rutgers University
For references to gender pay gap, see:
- Click states for PDF of pay gap by congressional district:
- Gender Pay Gap By State – AAUW
- For state averages:
- See also:
Also:
State equal rights amendments – Wikipedia
p20-21 –
Arizona –
- Historical Context Regarding the ERA in Arizona – Equal Means Equal
- Arizona Report Card – Status of the Women in the States
- Arizona Gender Pay Gap by District [PDF] – AAUW
- Sandra Day O’Connor – Wikipedia
- Form letter on Equal Rights Amendment (1974) – Sandra Day O’Connor Institute
- Arizona lawmakers can honor Justice O’Connor by passing the Equal Rights Amendment – AZ Central, 2019
- United States congressional delegations from Arizona – Ballotpedia
- AZ Secretary of State
- AZ State Treasurer
- AZ Senate Roster
- AZ House Roster
- Equal Rights Amendment – Arizona State Library
- Arizona won’t make history: Republicans block vote on Equal Rights Amendment – AZ Central, 2019
- Arizona can do right thing, become 39th state to ratify ERA – Arizona Capital Times, 2020
- Arizona House Republicans again block vote on ERA – Tucson.com, 2021
- 15,000 ERA Supporters Urge Sen. Kyrsten Sinema to End the Filibuster – Ms. Magazine, 2021
Florida –
- Historical Context Regarding the ERA in Florida – Equal Means Equal
- Florida Report Card – Status of the Women in the States
- Florida Gender Pay Gap by District [PDF] – AAUW
Regarding state constitution:
- State Equal Rights Amendments Revisited [PDF] – Linda J. Wharton – Rutgers Law Journal Vol. 36:1201 via Wayback Machine
- Florida and the Ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment – Florida Memory, State Library and Archives of Florida
- Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) in Florida: Primary Source Set – Florida Memory, State Library and Archives of Florida
- The Equal Rights Amendment and the Florida Legislature [Preview] – The Florida Historical Quarterly, 1982 – JSTOR
- Sarasota puts Florida on notice: Ratify Equal Rights Amendment – Herald-Tribune, 2019
- Women still don’t have equal rights in the Constitution. Florida could change that. It won’t. – Tampa Bay Times, 2019
- Two Centuries of the Equal Rights Amendment – University of Florida Levin College of Law, 2020
p22-23 –
Georgia –
- Historical Context Regarding the ERA in Georgia – Equal Means Equal
- Georgia Report Card – Status of the Women in the States
- Georgia Gender Pay Gap by District [PDF] – AAUW
- A Brief History of the Equal Rights Amendment in Georgia – Georgia State University
- Documenting the Equal Rights Amendment through the Georgia Women’s Movement Project – Georgia State University
- Equal Rights Amendment revival comes to the South – Facing South, 2019
- Georgia push for Equal Rights Amendment draws GOP support – AP News, 2019
- State lawmakers dust off decades-old ERA debate – Georgia Recorder, 2020
- Flashback: January 18, 1982, when Georgians urged lawmakers to pass the Equal Rights Amendment – Atlanta Magazine, 2020
North Carolina –
- Historical Context Regarding the ERA in North Carolina – Equal Means Equal
- North Carolina Report Card – Status of the Women in the States
- North Carolina Gender Pay Gap by District [PDF] – AAUW
- ERA in North Carolina – UNC Libraries
- Look what passed in 1946…
- North Carolina Equal Rights, Amendment 1 (1946) – Ballotpedia
- Equal Rights Amendment – NCpedia, 2006
- NC can make history – and Republicans can make amends – by ratifying the ERA – The News & Observer, 2019
- When NC was a battleground for the Equal Rights Amendment – The Fayetteville Observer, 2020
- N.C. legislators push for 28th Constitution amendment – Chatham News + Record, 2021
- Equal Rights Amendment introduced in General Assembly – Smoky Mountain News, 2021
- The Equal Rights Amendment in 2021 – Women AdvaNCe, 2021
p24-25 –
Missouri –
- Historical Context of the ERA in Missouri – Equal Means Equal
- Missouri Report Card – Status of the Women in the States
- Missouri Gender Pay Gap by District [PDF] – AAUW
- Project 28 MO – Project 28 MO is a Kansas City area organization with the mission to make the Equal Rights Amendment the 28th Constitutional Amendment.
- The Equal Rights Amendment is one state short of ratification. Will it be Missouri? – The Kansas City Star, 2019
- Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) coalition rallies at the Missouri State Capitol seeking ratification this legislative session – St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 2019
- Missouri Equal Rights Amendment Coalition Records (1973-1982) [PDF] – The State Historical Society of Missouri
- Equal Rights Amendment: Its Meaning and Its Impact on Missouri Law [PDF] – Missouri Law Review, Fall 1974
- Facts and Fallacies About Paycheck Fairness Phyllis Schlafly – The Christian Post, 2014
- ‘Mrs. America’ and the Fight Over Phyllis Schlafly, the Woman Who Killed the Equal Rights Amendment – Daily Beast, 2020
Arkansas –
- Historical Context of the ERA in Arkansas – Equal Means Equal
- Arkansas Report Card – Status of the Women in the States
- Arkansas Gender Pay Gap by District [PDF] – AAUW
Diane Kincaid was an ERA supporter who debated Phyllis Schlafly in front of the Arkansas House of Representatives in 1975
- Diane Frances Divers Kincaid Blair (1938–2000) – Encyclopedia of Arkansas
- Documents from the 2005, 2007, and 2017 ERA efforts – Arkansas General Assembly
- Equal Rights Amendment – Encyclopedia of Arkansas
- New life for the ERA. An issue for Arkansas – Arkansas Times, 2019
- Adjournment sine die – Wikipedia
p26-27 –
Oklahoma –
- Oklahoma Women’s Coalition
- Women’s group to push ERA in 2020 – The Oklahoman, 2019
- Historical Context of the ERA in Oklahoma – Equal Means Equal
- Oklahoma Report Card – Status of the Women in the States
- Oklahoma Gender Pay Gap by District [PDF] – AAUW
- Oklahoma! – Wikipedia
- Equal Rights Amendment – Oklahoma Historical Society
- Red Dirt Women and Power: A Video/Oral History of Activists in Oklahoma’s Campaign for the Equal Rights Amendment – University of Oklahoma, Department of Women’s and Gender Studies
Norman, Stillwater, Tulsa City Council’s all voted in 2019 to push for OK to ratify the ERA:
- Oklahoma and the Equal Rights Amendment – League of Women Voters’, 2019
- RESOLUTION NO. CC-2019-2 [PDF] – Stillwater, OK ERA Resolution
With SJR 25 in the 2020 Regular Session of the Oklahoma State Legislature, it was the first time the ERA has been introduced since 1982, which stands out even among the delinquent states.
- Bill Information for SJR 25 – Oklahoma State Legislature
- Bill Summary for SJR 25 [PDF] – Oklahoma State Legislature
- No excuses left for Oklahoma lawmakers not to support the Equal Rights Amendment – Tulsa World, 2020
- Oklahoma lawmakers divided on Equal Rights Amendment – The O’Colly, 2020
South Carolina –
- Historical Context of the ERA in South Carolina – Equal Means Equal
- South Carolina Report Card – Status of the Women in the States
- South Carolina Gender Pay Gap by District [PDF] – AAUW
- The SC state ERA org has some great resources, including a state senate and house scorecard I wish we had for every state:
- Equal Means ERA South Carolina
- The ERA in South Carolina – Equal Means ERA
- Senate Scorecard / House Scorecard – Equal Means ERA
- Historical references:
- Equal Rights Amendment – University of South Carolina Libraries
- South Carolina Coalition for the ERA – University of South Carolina Libraries
- South Carolina Latest State to Move to Ratify Equal Rights Amendment With Bipartisan Effort – Newsweek, 2019
- It’s ridiculous South Carolina hasn’t ratified the Equal Rights Amendment – The Post and Courier, 2020
p28-29 –
Utah –
- Historical Context of the ERA in Utah – Equal Means Equal
- Utah Report Card – Status of the Women in the States
- Utah Gender Pay Gap by District [PDF] – AAUW
Equal Means Equal’s summary on Utah is light, but there is more here:
- The Equal Rights Amendment and Utah – Wikipedia
Also:
- From Housewives to Protesters: Mormons for the ERA – Utah State University Libraries
Regarding state constitution:
- State Equal Rights Amendments Revisited [PDF] – Linda J. Wharton – Rutgers Law Journal Vol. 36:1201 via Wayback Machine
- Will Utah Be The 38th State to Ratify the ERA? – RadioWest, 2019
- Utah ranked worst state for women’s equality — again – The Salt Lake Tribune, 2021
- With ERA resolution stalled in Senate, advocates rally for it to move forward – DeseretNews, 2021
Louisiana –
- Historical Context of the ERA in Louisiana – Equal Means Equal
- Louisiana Report Card – Status of the Women in the States
- Louisiana Gender Pay Gap by District [PDF] – AAUW
Historical gender pay gap data from:
- The Simple Truth about the Gender Pay Gap 2018 [PDF] – AAUW
- The Wage Gap Over Time – National Committee on Pay Equity
- Status of Women in Louisiana [PDF] – Louisiana Women’s Policy and Research Commission, 2020
- Louisiana and the 19th Amendment – National Park Service
- Head and Master law – Wikipedia
- Kirchberg v. Feenstra – Wikipedia
Regarding state constitution:
- State Equal Rights Amendments Revisited [PDF] – Linda J. Wharton – Rutgers Law Journal Vol. 36:1201 via Wayback Machine
- The Evolving Role of Women in the Louisiana Law: Recent Legislative and Judicial Changes – Louisiana Law Review, 1982 Special Issue
- So You’ve Married a Mismanager: The Inadequacy of Louisiana Civil Code Article 2354 – Louisiana Law Review, Fall 2007
p30-31 –
Neither Mississippi nor Alabama currently have state-wide ERA organizations, and even compared to the other delinquents, there is very little state history on the subject available online.
Mississippi –
- Historical Context of the ERA in Mississippi – Equal Means Equal
- Mississippi Report Card – Status of the Women in the States
- Mississippi Gender Pay Gap by District [PDF] – AAUW
- The Equal Rights Amendment and Mississippi – Mississippi History Now
- Mississippi could become a leader in something positive – supporting women’s rights – Daily Journal, 2019
- Mississippi Didn’t Ratify the 19th Amendment Until 1984. Here’s Why Some States Waited Decades – Time, 2020
Pay equity protection laws by state:
Alabama –
We could not find a state-wide ERA organization for Alabama, but read one mention the League of Women Voters plans to help in such states, so:
- Historical Context of the ERA in Alabama – Equal Means Equal
- Alabama Report Card – Status of the Women in the States
- Alabama Gender Pay Gap by District [PDF] – AAUW
- “Answers to Questions about Equal Rights Amendment.” (1972) – Alabama Department of Archives & History
- Alabama and the ERA: We dare defend our rights, unless you’re a woman – AL.com, Mar. 2019
Re: lawsuit…
- ALABAMA, LOUISIANA, SOUTH DAKOTA, Plaintiffs, v. DAVID S. FERRIERO, in his official capacity as Archivist of the United States, Defendant. [PDF]
- Alabama AG files lawsuit to block new push for Equal Rights Amendment – AL.com, Dec. 2019
- Is Alabama blocking the Equal Rights Amendment? – AL.com, 2020
- In the Know: Equal Rights Amendment Lawsuits – League of Women Voters, 2020
- The U.S. Conference of Mayors and three statewide organizations file amicus brief in lawsuit seeking ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment – The United States Conference of Mayors, 2020
Equal Means Equal also has a lawsuit against the National Archivist, currently in appeal:
- Equal Means Equal v. David S. Ferriero – Equal Means Equal
- Rep. Sewell Votes to Support Equal Rights Amendment and Remove Ratification Deadline – Congresswoman Terri Sewell (AL-07), 2021
p32-33 –
- ERA Ratifications Revoked – Wikipedia
- Idaho Report Card – Status of the Women in the States
- Idaho Gender Pay Gap by District [PDF] – AAUW
- Kentucky Report Card – Status of the Women in the States
- Kentucky Gender Pay Gap by District [PDF] – AAUW
- Nebraska Report Card – Status of the Women in the States
- Nebraska Gender Pay Gap by District [PDF] – AAUW
- North Dakota Report Card – Status of the Women in the States
- North Dakota Gender Pay Gap by District [PDF] – AAUW
- South Dakota Report Card – Status of the Women in the States
- South Dakota Gender Pay Gap by District [PDF] – AAUW
- Tennessee Report Card – Status of the Women in the States
- Tennessee Gender Pay Gap by District [PDF] – AAUW
p34-35 –
To dispel “crass reasoning, worst-case speculation, or general misinformation”:
- Equal Rights Amendment Frequently Asked Questions [PDF] – Congress.gov
- ERA FAQ – Alice Paul Institute
- Equal Rights Amendment Myths… and Facts [PDF] – LA-4-Equity
- Have Women Achieved Equality? – Constitutional Rights Foundation
- The Equal Rights Amendment: Then and Now (2008) [PDF] – Northeastern Library
And for good measure, George Will’s take on the ERA for Townhall:
- A 70’s Rehash: The Women’s Equality Amendment – Townhall, 2007
And to balance that out:
- GOP4ERA – Republicans for Equal Rights
p36 –
For finding/contacting reps:
- Ballotpedia
- GovTrack.us
- List of United States state legislatures – Wikipedia
- Contact Us – White House
Re: deadline:
- Divided House votes to reset deadline to ratify Equal Rights Amendment – Arizona Public Media, 2020
- League calls on Senate to pass Resolution removing ERA timeline – League of Women Voters, 2021
- Re: Passing S.J. Res. 1, Removing the ratification timeline on the ERA [PDF]
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